气溶胶颗粒通过吸收和散射辐射并影响云特性在气候系统中起重要作用。它们也是气候建模的最大不确定性来源之一。由于计算限制，许多气候模型不包括足够详细的气溶胶。为了表示关键过程，必须考虑气雾微物理特性和过程。这是在使用M7 Microphysics的Echam-Ham全球气候气溶胶模型中完成的，但是高计算成本使得以更精细的分辨率或更长的时间运行非常昂贵。我们的目标是使用机器学习以足够的准确性模仿微物理学模型，并通过在推理时间快速降低计算成本。原始M7模型用于生成输入输出对的数据以训练其上的神经网络。我们能够学习变量的平均$ r^2 $得分为$ 77.1 \％$ $。我们进一步探讨了用物理知识为神经网络提供信息和限制的方法，以减少群众侵犯并实施质量积极性。与原始型号相比，在GPU上，我们达到了高达64倍的加速。

最近，Robustbench（Croce等人2020）已成为图像分类网络的对抗鲁棒性的广泛认可的基准。在其最常见的子任务中，Robustbench评估并在Autactack（CRoce和Hein 2020b）下的Cifar10上的培训神经网络的对抗性鲁棒性与L-Inf Perturnations限制在EPS = 8/255中。对于目前最佳表演模型的主要成绩约为60％的基线，这是为了表征这项基准是非常具有挑战性的。尽管最近的文献普遍接受，我们的目标是促进讨论抢劫案作为鲁棒性的关键指标的讨论，这可能是广泛化的实际应用。我们的论证与这篇文章有两倍，并通过本文提出过多的实验支持：我们认为i）通过ICATACK与L-INF的数据交替，EPS = 8/255是不切实际的强烈的，导致完美近似甚至通过简单的检测算法和人类观察者的对抗性样本的检测速率。我们还表明，其他攻击方法更难检测，同时实现类似的成功率。 ii）在CIFAR10这样的低分辨率数据集上导致低分辨率数据集不概括到更高的分辨率图像，因为基于梯度的攻击似乎与越来越多的分辨率变得更加可检测。

最近，对AutoAtack（Croce和Hein，2020B）框架对图像分类网络的对抗攻击已经引起了很多关注。虽然AutoAtactack显示了非常高的攻击成功率，但大多数防御方法都专注于网络硬化和鲁棒性增强，如对抗性培训。这样，目前最佳报告的方法可以承受约66％的CIFAR10对抗的例子。在本文中，我们研究了自动攻击的空间和频域属性，并提出了替代防御。在推理期间，我们检测到对抗性攻击而不是硬化网络，而不是硬化网络，而不是硬化网络。基于频域中的相当简单和快速的分析，我们介绍了两种不同的检测算法。首先，黑匣子检测器只在输入图像上运行，在两种情况下，在AutoAtack Cifar10基准测试中获得100％的检测精度，并且在ImageNet上为99.3％。其次，使用CNN特征图的分析的白箱检测器，在相同的基准上的检出率也为100％和98.7％。

The analysis of network structure is essential to many scientific areas, ranging from biology to sociology. As the computational task of clustering these networks into partitions, i.e., solving the community detection problem, is generally NP-hard, heuristic solutions are indispensable. The exploration of expedient heuristics has led to the development of particularly promising approaches in the emerging technology of quantum computing. Motivated by the substantial hardware demands for all established quantum community detection approaches, we introduce a novel QUBO based approach that only needs number-of-nodes many qubits and is represented by a QUBO-matrix as sparse as the input graph's adjacency matrix. The substantial improvement on the sparsity of the QUBO-matrix, which is typically very dense in related work, is achieved through the novel concept of separation-nodes. Instead of assigning every node to a community directly, this approach relies on the identification of a separation-node set, which -- upon its removal from the graph -- yields a set of connected components, representing the core components of the communities. Employing a greedy heuristic to assign the nodes from the separation-node sets to the identified community cores, subsequent experimental results yield a proof of concept. This work hence displays a promising approach to NISQ ready quantum community detection, catalyzing the application of quantum computers for the network structure analysis of large scale, real world problem instances.

In this work, a method for obtaining pixel-wise error bounds in Bayesian regularization of inverse imaging problems is introduced. The proposed method employs estimates of the posterior variance together with techniques from conformal prediction in order to obtain coverage guarantees for the error bounds, without making any assumption on the underlying data distribution. It is generally applicable to Bayesian regularization approaches, independent, e.g., of the concrete choice of the prior. Furthermore, the coverage guarantees can also be obtained in case only approximate sampling from the posterior is possible. With this in particular, the proposed framework is able to incorporate any learned prior in a black-box manner. Guaranteed coverage without assumptions on the underlying distributions is only achievable since the magnitude of the error bounds is, in general, unknown in advance. Nevertheless, experiments with multiple regularization approaches presented in the paper confirm that in practice, the obtained error bounds are rather tight. For realizing the numerical experiments, also a novel primal-dual Langevin algorithm for sampling from non-smooth distributions is introduced in this work.

Machine learning (ML) on graph-structured data has recently received deepened interest in the context of intrusion detection in the cybersecurity domain. Due to the increasing amounts of data generated by monitoring tools as well as more and more sophisticated attacks, these ML methods are gaining traction. Knowledge graphs and their corresponding learning techniques such as Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) with their ability to seamlessly integrate data from multiple domains using human-understandable vocabularies, are finding application in the cybersecurity domain. However, similar to other connectionist models, GNNs are lacking transparency in their decision making. This is especially important as there tend to be a high number of false positive alerts in the cybersecurity domain, such that triage needs to be done by domain experts, requiring a lot of man power. Therefore, we are addressing Explainable AI (XAI) for GNNs to enhance trust management by exploring combining symbolic and sub-symbolic methods in the area of cybersecurity that incorporate domain knowledge. We experimented with this approach by generating explanations in an industrial demonstrator system. The proposed method is shown to produce intuitive explanations for alerts for a diverse range of scenarios. Not only do the explanations provide deeper insights into the alerts, but they also lead to a reduction of false positive alerts by 66% and by 93% when including the fidelity metric.

Earthquakes, fire, and floods often cause structural collapses of buildings. The inspection of damaged buildings poses a high risk for emergency forces or is even impossible, though. We present three recent selected missions of the Robotics Task Force of the German Rescue Robotics Center, where both ground and aerial robots were used to explore destroyed buildings. We describe and reflect the missions as well as the lessons learned that have resulted from them. In order to make robots from research laboratories fit for real operations, realistic test environments were set up for outdoor and indoor use and tested in regular exercises by researchers and emergency forces. Based on this experience, the robots and their control software were significantly improved. Furthermore, top teams of researchers and first responders were formed, each with realistic assessments of the operational and practical suitability of robotic systems.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Modeling perception sensors is key for simulation based testing of automated driving functions. Beyond weather conditions themselves, sensors are also subjected to object dependent environmental influences like tire spray caused by vehicles moving on wet pavement. In this work, a novel modeling approach for spray in lidar data is introduced. The model conforms to the Open Simulation Interface (OSI) standard and is based on the formation of detection clusters within a spray plume. The detections are rendered with a simple custom ray casting algorithm without the need of a fluid dynamics simulation or physics engine. The model is subsequently used to generate training data for object detection algorithms. It is shown that the model helps to improve detection in real-world spray scenarios significantly. Furthermore, a systematic real-world data set is recorded and published for analysis, model calibration and validation of spray effects in active perception sensors. Experiments are conducted on a test track by driving over artificially watered pavement with varying vehicle speeds, vehicle types and levels of pavement wetness. All models and data of this work are available open source.

Large, text-conditioned generative diffusion models have recently gained a lot of attention for their impressive performance in generating high-fidelity images from text alone. However, achieving high-quality results is almost unfeasible in a one-shot fashion. On the contrary, text-guided image generation involves the user making many slight changes to inputs in order to iteratively carve out the envisioned image. However, slight changes to the input prompt often lead to entirely different images being generated, and thus the control of the artist is limited in its granularity. To provide flexibility, we present the Stable Artist, an image editing approach enabling fine-grained control of the image generation process. The main component is semantic guidance (SEGA) which steers the diffusion process along variable numbers of semantic directions. This allows for subtle edits to images, changes in composition and style, as well as optimization of the overall artistic conception. Furthermore, SEGA enables probing of latent spaces to gain insights into the representation of concepts learned by the model, even complex ones such as 'carbon emission'. We demonstrate the Stable Artist on several tasks, showcasing high-quality image editing and composition.